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immigration laws prior to 1965 clearly "declared that Northern Europeans are a superior subspecies of the white race".
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Sociologist Stephen Klineberg has stated that U.S. The denial of social and political freedom to minorities continued into the mid-20th century, resulting in the civil rights movement. Saito of the University of Southern California writes: "Throughout the history of the United States, race has been used by whites for legitimizing and creating difference and social, economic and political exclusion." In some parts of the United States, many people who were considered non-white were disenfranchised, barred from government office, and prevented from holding most government jobs well into the second half of the 20th century. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U.S. Frank Baum wrote: "The Whites, by law of conquest, by justice of civilization, are masters of the American continent, and the best safety of the frontier settlements will be secured by the total annihilation of the few remaining Indians." In an editorial about Native Americans and the American Indian Wars in 1890, author L. The outbreak of the Civil War saw the desire to uphold white supremacy being cited as a cause for state secession and the formation of the Confederate States of America. In the antebellum South, this included the holding of African Americans in chattel slavery, in which four million of them were denied freedom. White supremacy was dominant in the United States both before and after the American Civil War, and it persisted for decades after the Reconstruction Era.
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In academic usage, particularly in critical race theory or intersectionality, "white supremacy" can also refer to a social system in which white people enjoy structural advantages ( privilege) over other ethnic groups, on both a collective and individual level, despite formal legal equality. Since the early 1980s, the White power movement has been committed to overthrowing the United States government and establishing a white ethnostate using paramilitary tactics. In addition, this ideology is embodied in the "White power" social movement. This ideology has been put into effect through socioeconomic and legal structures such as the Atlantic slave trade, Jim Crow laws in the United States, the White Australia policies from the 1890s to the mid-1970s, and apartheid in South Africa. Īs a political ideology, it imposes and maintains social, political, historical, or institutional domination by white people. ĭifferent forms of white supremacy put forth different conceptions of who is considered white (though the exemplar is generally light-skinned, blond-haired, and blue-eyed, or 'Aryan' traits most common in northern Europe), and groups of white supremacists identify various racial, ethnic and religious enemies, most commonly those of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, Indigenous peoples of the Americas and Oceania, Asians, multiracial people, Middle Eastern people, Jews, Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs. It underlies a spectrum of contemporary movements including neo-Confederates, neo-Nazism and the so-called Christian Identity movement. White supremacy has roots in the now-discredited doctrine of scientific racism, and was a key justification for European colonialism. The belief favors the maintenance and defense of white power and privilege. White supremacy or white supremacism is the belief that white people are superior to those of other races and thus should dominate them.